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Q1. Which one of the following represents a closed crystallographic form?
A closed form completely encloses space (like a dipyramid). Prisms and pyramids are open forms (they need other faces to close the volume).
Q2. Knick points in a river profile indicate changes in the:
A Knick point is a sharp change in channel slope (gradient), often caused by rejuvenation or a hard rock layer.
Q3. An igneous body with a flat top and a concave-upward base is known as a:
A Lopolith is saucer-shaped (concave base). A Laccolith is dome-shaped (convex top). A Sill is tabular.
Q4. Mud-supported limestone containing greater than 10% allochems (grains) is called:
According to Dunham's classification: Mud-supported <10% grains = Mudstone; >10% grains = Wackestone. Grain-supported = Packstone.
Q5. In a typical coal mine area affected by acid mine drainage, which one of the following acids will be dominant?
Acid mine drainage is caused by the oxidation of sulfide minerals (like Pyrite, FeS2), which produces Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4).
Q6. Acoustic impedance is the ___ of density and velocity.
Acoustic Impedance (Z) is defined as the product of density (rho) and seismic velocity (V): Z = rho * V.
Q7. Which one of the following planets has the highest bulk density?
Among the options, Venus (5.24 g/cc) is the densest. Earth is the densest overall (~5.5 g/cc) but is not listed. Gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn have very low densities (<1.4 g/cc).
Q8. How many independent elastic parameters are needed to describe a homogenous isotropic material?
An isotropic linear elastic material requires only 2 independent parameters (e.g., Young's Modulus and Poisson's ratio) to describe its elasticity.
Q9. At 500m depth, Max Horizontal Stress = 20 MPa, Vertical Stress = 13.5 MPa, Min Horizontal Stress = 8 MPa. This stress field leads to which fault?
Anderson's Theory: Strike-slip faults form when the Vertical Stress is the intermediate stress (Sigma 2). Here, 20 (S1) > 13.5 (S2) > 8 (S3).
Q10. A clastic rock dominantly composed of feldspar grains is:
Arkose is a sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar. Arenite is pure quartz; Greywacke has a muddy matrix; Shale is fine-grained clay.