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Q11. Which ones of the following correspond to the Pyroxene group?
Pyroxenes are a large family of rock-forming minerals that share a specific internal chain-like structure of silicon and oxygen (Si2O6). CaMgSi2O6 (Diopside), CaAl2SiO6 (Fassaite), and NaFeSi2O6 (Aegirine) all follow this chemical recipe and are part of the pyroxene family.
Q12. Mass-wasting processes are
'Mass-wasting' is the geological term for gravity pulling large amounts of rock, soil, mud, or snow directly down a hill. Landslides (falling rocks/dirt), avalanches (falling snow), and lahars (volcanic mudflows) are all driven by gravity. Sand storms are driven by wind, not gravity, so they are not mass-wasting.
Q13. High drainage density is representative of a terrain with
'Drainage density' is how crowded a map looks with river and stream lines. A high density means there are lots of streams closely packed together. This happens in steep, mountainous areas (high relief) because water runs off quickly, and on hard, waterproof ground (impermeable surface) because the water cannot soak in, so it has to flow over the surface in streams.
Q14. Which of the following combinations are correctly matched?
Different environments create different rocks. The 'photic zone' (sunlit ocean) grows coral and shells, making carbonate rock. A 'delta' grows outward, dumping fine mud then coarse sand on top. A 'shelf break' is the drop-off edge of a continent where underwater avalanches flow down to build massive piles of sand called 'submarine fans'.
Q15. The correct stratigraphic successions arranged from the oldest to the youngest are
Geologists group rock layers from oldest at the bottom to youngest at the top. In South India, the correct sequence is Uttatur, Trichinopoly, Ariyalur, then Niniyur. In the Himalayan Siwaliks, the correct sequence is Chinji, Nagri, Dhok Pathan, then Tatrot. The other options list their local rock layers out of proper age order.
Q16. Which of the following fossil groups are from the Siwalik Group?
The Siwalik Group is a famous set of rocks in the Himalayas known for containing fossils of ancient mammals that lived relatively recently in Earth's history. Dinosaurs went extinct long before these rocks formed. Instead, scientists find the fossils of ancient elephants (Proboscidea), giraffes (Giraffidae), and horses (Equidae) here.
Q17. Which of the following statements on mantle partial melting are correct?
When the hot rock under the Earth's crust (the mantle) melts a little bit, it creates magma. If it melts at a shallow depth where pressure is lower, it forms a common rock called 'tholeiitic basalt'. If only a tiny fraction of the mantle melts (low-degree melting), it concentrates special elements to form 'alkaline basalt'.
Q18. At which of the following locations do lignite deposits occur in India?
The correct answer is Barmer, Neyveli. Lignite is a soft, brownish type of coal that provides relatively lower energy. In India, significant deposits of this specific brown coal are found in Neyveli (Tamil Nadu) and Barmer (Rajasthan). Raniganj and Singrauli are famous mining areas, but they are known for harder, higher-grade black coals (bituminous), not lignite, which is why they are incorrect.
Q19. Which of the following sedimentary structures is/are tool marks?
The correct answer is Bounce marks, Prod marks, Skip marks. In flowing water, if a piece of debris (a 'tool') gets dragged or bounced along the soft muddy bottom, it leaves a gouge behind known as a 'tool mark'. Bounce, prod, and skip marks describe the different ways that debris can hit the mud. Wrinkle marks are formed by mats of microbes growing on the sediment, not by a physical tool scraping the bottom, making it the wrong option.
Q20. Which of the following is/are NOT copper-bearing mineral(s)?
The correct answer is Braunite. Braunite is a dark silicate mineral that is a primary source of manganese, not copper. Therefore, Braunite is the only option that does not bear copper. Bornite, Chalcocite, and Chrysocolla are all famous and widely mined ores that contain large amounts of copper, making them incorrect answers.