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Q111. Which one of the following cross-stratifications provides the paleocurrent direction on the truncated bedding surface of an undeformed cross-stratified sedimentary strata?
Trough cross-stratification shows curved sets in plan view (on truncated surfaces) which indicate the paleocurrent direction (the concave side points downstream).
Q112. Tsunamis are classified as which type of waves?
Tsunamis are shallow-water gravity waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of water.
Q113. Which one among the following coastal erosional landforms is caused by the action of sea waves?
Ventifacts are wind-eroded. Kettles and Cirques are glacial features. Cliffs (specifically sea cliffs) are formed by the erosional action of sea waves.
Q114. Which one of the following is the CORRECT statement regarding the ecology of bivalves?
Venus is a typical shallow burrowing bivalve. Pecten is a swimmer. Pholas is a borer.
Q115. Name the planet in the solar system which has its 'day' (rotation period) longer than its 'year' (orbital period).
Venus rotates very slowly (243 Earth days) compared to its orbit around the sun (225 Earth days).
Q116. Horizontal slickensides are observed on the surface of a vertical fault. What is the type of fault?
Vertical faults with horizontal motion (indicated by horizontal slickensides) are Strike-slip. Normal/Reverse faults involve vertical motion (dip-slip).
Q117. The ratio of P-wave to S-wave velocities (Vp/Vs) within the Earth depends on:
Vp/Vs is a function of the Bulk Modulus (K) and Shear Modulus (G). Vp/Vs = sqrt(K/G + 4/3).
Q118. In digital remote sensing, land-water contrast is best identified in which wavelength band?
Water absorbs Near-Infrared (NIR) strongly (appearing black), while vegetation and land reflect it, providing the sharpest boundary contrast.
Q119. Out of the following gases which one has the highest contribution towards the greenhouse effect on the Earth?
Water vapor (H2O) is the most abundant natural greenhouse gas, contributing the most to the overall greenhouse effect, though CO2 is the primary driver of anthropogenic change.
Q120. During which stage of coalification is most of the methane gas generated?
While biogenic methane forms early, the bulk of thermogenic methane generation occurs during the high-rank Anthracite stage due to thermal cracking.