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Q11. Which one of the following is a Paleozoic flora?
The Paleozoic is an ancient era long before dinosaurs. 'Gangamopteris' is a famous ancient fern-like plant that grew specifically during this time, particularly on the southern supercontinent called Gondwana.
Q12. Which one of the following is an undifferentiated meteorite?
'Differentiated' meteorites come from larger space rocks that melted and separated into a core and crust. 'Undifferentiated' ones never melted, preserving the original, unaltered solar system dust. Carbonaceous chondrites are the classic primitive, undifferentiated meteorites.
Q13. Which one of the following is NOT an ultramafic rock?
Rocks are categorized by how much silica (sand-like material) they have. 'Ultramafic' rocks have very little silica and lots of heavy iron and magnesium. Wehrlite, websterite, and harzburgite are examples. Anorthosite is made mostly of a lighter mineral called feldspar, so it is not ultramafic.
Q14. Which one of the following is related to porphyry Cu-Mo deposit?
Porphyry deposits are huge underground metal ores containing copper and molybdenum. They form when hot, watery fluids separate from cooling magma deep underground. This separation process is scientifically called the 'first boiling process'.
Q15. Which one of the following is the CORRECT sequence of igneous rocks with increasing SiO2 content?
Silica (SiO2) determines rock type. Komatiite has the lowest silica (less than 45%). Basalt has slightly more (45-52%). Andesite is in the middle (52-63%). Dacite has a very high silica content (over 63%).
Q16. Which one of the following is the oldest volcanics?
Looking at the geological history of India, the Panjal volcanics formed during the Permian period (about 250 million years ago), making them much older than the Deccan, Rajmahal, and Sylhet volcanics. The other options erupted during the time of the dinosaurs or later.
Q17. Which one of the following lithospheric plates has the least length of convergent boundary?
Earth's crust is cracked into puzzle pieces called plates. 'Convergent boundaries' are where they crash together. The Antarctic plate is mostly surrounded by zones where plates are pulling apart, so it has very few crashing boundaries compared to the Pacific or Indian plates.
Q18. Which one of the following minerals has a characteristic pale yellow streak?
To identify minerals, geologists scratch them on a tile to see the color of their powder, called a 'streak'. Sphalerite is a zinc-bearing mineral that uniquely leaves a pale yellow to light brown streak, distinguishing it from pyrite which leaves a black or greenish streak.
Q19. Which one of the following represents the CORRECT combination of stratigraphic unit with its corresponding age?
Stratigraphy names different rock layers based on where and when they formed. In Indian geology, the Naredi Formation located in the Kutch region was deposited during the Eocene Epoch, which was roughly 50 million years ago.
Q20. Which one of the following sedimentary structures is formed by rapid release of water?
As sand and mud are deposited, if trapped water is suddenly squeezed out of the layer quickly, it crumples and folds the soft layers inside. This creates a messy, swirly rock pattern called 'convolute lamination'.