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Q21. Which one of the following set of landforms results dominantly due to erosion?
'Erosion' wears landscapes away over time. A 'cirque' is a bowl carved out of a mountain by a glacier (erosion). A 'ventifact' is a rock polished and worn down by wind-blown sand (erosion). The other options involve dumping or depositing material rather than eroding it.
Q22. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT for coal?
Coal is made of compressed ancient plant matter. Under a microscope, geologists classify the different tiny plant fragments into categories called 'macerals' or 'microlithotypes'. 'Fusain' is one of these types, looking like ancient charcoal from forest fires.
Q23. Which one of the following vertebrate fauna is a Proboscidea?
Proboscidea is the biological group containing elephants and their extinct relatives, known for having a trunk (proboscis). The 'Mastodon' is a famous extinct elephant-like animal from this specific group.
Q24. A plunging fold will NOT show a V-shaped outcrop pattern on a planar ground surface if the plunge of the fold axis is
When folded rock layers tilt into the earth (a plunging fold), they usually form a V-shape or U-shape on a flat map. However, if the ground surface is slanted (dipping) at the exact same angle and direction that the fold is plunging, you are essentially looking perfectly parallel down the fold. This causes the rock layers to just look like straight, parallel stripes instead of a V-shape.
Q25. A tunnel with vertical walls and arched crown is constructed through a set of sedimentary beds. The thickness of individual beds is significantly less than the wall-height of the tunnel. For which of the following conditions, one of the tunnel walls becomes unstable?
Imagine cutting a tunnel through layers of slanted rock. If the tunnel runs perfectly alongside the slant (parallel to the strike) and the rock layers are tilted (dipping) diagonally right into the open tunnel, gravity will pull those slanted sheets of rock down into the tunnel space, making that wall extremely unstable.
Q26. Darcy’s law quantifies the volume of groundwater flow
'Darcy's Law' is a famous math formula used to figure out how much water flows through underground rocks. It calculates the 'discharge' (Q), which is simply the total volume of water that flows out over a specific amount of time (for example, cubic meters per second). Therefore, it quantifies volume per unit time.
Q27. Dropstones are found in
'Dropstones' are chunks of rock that were carried by floating ice (like icebergs) and then dropped into the fine mud at the bottom of a lake or ocean when the ice melted. The 'Talchir Formation' in India is famous for having these dropstones, proving that India experienced a massive ice age millions of years ago.
Q28. Glossopteris is found in which of the following formations?
'Glossopteris' is a famous extinct seed fern that grew millions of years ago and helped form major coal deposits. In India, its fossils are famously found in the 'Raniganj Formation', a very old layer of rock known for its rich coal beds from the Permian period.
Q29. In a sequence of undeformed sedimentary rocks, younger rocks overlie older rocks. This conforms to the principle of
Imagine stacking pancakes; the oldest one is at the bottom, and the freshest, youngest one is placed on top. In geology, the 'Principle of Superposition' states exactly this: in undisturbed layers of rock, the older layers are at the bottom and the younger ones are layered on top.
Q30. Neutron-rich unstable nuclides undergo
Atoms want to be stable. If an atom has too many neutrons, it converts a neutron into a proton and an electron. It then shoots out the electron to balance itself. This outgoing electron is called a beta-minus (β–) particle, so the process is known as 'beta-minus decay'.