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Q31. Which among the following Period(s) belong(s) to the Paleozoic Era?
Carboniferous and Silurian are in the Paleozoic Era. Paleogene is Cenozoic; Cretaceous is Mesozoic.
Q32. Which one of the following is the Poisson’s ratio for an incompressible fluid?
For an incompressible material, the bulk modulus is infinite. The relationship K = E / (3(1-2v)) implies that for K to be infinite, (1-2v) must be zero, so v (Poisson's ratio) = 0.5.
Q33. In which one of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum does the maximum atmospheric scattering occur?
Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength (1/lambda^4). UV has the shortest wavelength among the options, thus undergoing maximum scattering.
Q34. Which one among the following coastal erosional landforms is caused by the action of sea waves?
Ventifacts are wind-eroded. Kettles and Cirques are glacial features. Cliffs (specifically sea cliffs) are formed by the erosional action of sea waves.
Q35. Which one of the following is the typical product of ductile deformation?
Gouge, Breccia, and Cataclasite are products of brittle deformation (faulting). Mylonite is a foliated rock formed by ductile deformation in shear zones.
Q36. If 1L of water at pH 7 is mixed with 1L of water at pH 6, the resulting pH is:
[H+] of mix = (10^-7 + 10^-6)/2 = 5.5 x 10^-7. pH = -log(5.5 x 10^-7) = 6.26.
Q37. If the lowest Digital Number (DN) in a 10-bit image is 0, the maximum DN is:
10-bit resolution means 2^10 levels. 2^10 = 1024. Range is 0 to 1023.
Q38. Which one of the following represents a closed crystallographic form?
A closed form completely encloses space (like a dipyramid). Prisms and pyramids are open forms (they need other faces to close the volume).
Q39. Knick points in a river profile indicate changes in the:
A Knick point is a sharp change in channel slope (gradient), often caused by rejuvenation or a hard rock layer.
Q40. An igneous body with a flat top and a concave-upward base is known as a:
A Lopolith is saucer-shaped (concave base). A Laccolith is dome-shaped (convex top). A Sill is tabular.